Drosophila melanogaster: Genotyping Using The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR Test/Genetics)

    The common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is the organism utilized within this experimental process. Therefore, in order to develop a greater understanding of the genotypes and phenotypes of the model organism, identification of the discrete characteristics of males and females was essential. Firstly, a model organism can be classified as any plant, animal or microorganism: which allows individuals to study scientific inquiries (EDVOTEK). For instance, the Drosophila were chosen for the experiment, because of their model organism characteristics. For example, Drosophila are rather inexpensive to use, have a fast generation time, and have observably discrete characteristics (Tolwinski, 2017). Moreover, the more noticeable differences between the two sexes of Drosophila are: size, and abdomen shape. For example, females are larger in size and are observed to have a pointed abdominal shape with stripes or segments. The second component of the experimental process is the utilization of a Polymerase Chain Reaction.

    A PCR, also known as a Polymerase Chain Reaction is the amplification of specific segments of DNA, which allows for the visualization of that DNA in greater detail (Smith, 2022). For instance, a PCR involves the use of primers. For example, a primer is a short synthetic DNA molecule that targets segments of the genome, allowing the amplification of the selected DNA (EDVOTEK). Initially, in the mid 1980s, Dr. Kary Mullis recognized that DNA can be replicated in Vitro (EDVOTEK). For instance, by utilizing short and synthetic primers and DNA Polymerase, it was entirely possible to amplify a selected DNA sequence. As a result, in 1993, Mullis experimental efforts were recognized and was awarded a nobel prize in chemistry (EDVOTEK). All in all, a PCR is one of the most utilized laboratory techniques to rapidly amplify numerous copies of a selected segment of DNA. Thus, allowing for the recognition of any specific genetic mutations.

    This experimental process is divided into three major components, such as: the isolation of Drosophila DNA, the amplification of extracted DNA, and the separation of PCR products by electrophoresis. For instance, gel electrophoresis is a commonly utilized laboratory technique, which allows for the separation of charged particles: DNA and proteins. For example, samples are loaded into the wells incorporated within an agarose gel, which are located on the negative electrode of the electrophoresis chamber. The electrophoresis chamber allows the movement of an electrical current to pass across it, which results in the separation of the DNA samples. In other words, as the electric current is applied across the gel, molecules such as DNA are migrated to the opposing pole. As a result, individuals are able to visualize DNA bands, which aid in identification of any discrepancies of samples.







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